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| 11. 12. 1882 | Born in Breslau (Germany), to Professor Gustav Born,
anatomist and embryologist, and his wife Margarete, née Kauffmann,
who was a member of a Silesian family of industrialists. |
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| 1888 - 1901 | Primary school, High School (König-Wilhelm-Gymnasium) in Breslau | ||||
| 1901 | Study-beginning in Breslau, among others Mathematics with J. Rosanes and F. London | ||||
| 1902 | After four semesters in Heidelberg and Zurich he visited the university of Göttingen, where he immediately, narrowed relationships to David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski. Both mathematicians were his actual academic teachers. Relationship with James Franck | ||||
| 1904 | Breslau - Zurich - Berlin - Göttingen. Private-assistant of David Hilbert. Lectures with Hermann Minkowski (particular relativity-theory) and Waldemar Voigt (crystal-physics) and optics. Seminar held by Felix Klein and Carl Runge over Elasticity-theory | ||||
| 1906 | Doctor-examination, magna cum laude, by Hilbert, Runge, Voigt, Schwarzschild. Stay in Cambridge, Lectures with J. Larmor and J. J. THOMSON | ||||
| 1908 | Göttingen - co-worker with Minkowski | ||||
| 1909 | Habilitation over relativistic electron. Contacts to Einstein | ||||
| 1912 | He justified together with Theodore von Karmann the "Quantentheorie" of the specific heat. Works to the fence-dynamics | ||||
| 1913 | Marriage with Hedwig Ehrenberg in Berlin - Grünau. The discovery of the x-ray-interferences delivered additional arguments for Borns method | ||||
| 1914 | Summond to the university of Berlin
to the relief of Max Planck during the courses. Extra-professor for theoretical
physics, kinetic theory solids. A narrow Friendship with his model Albert
Einstein began
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| 1915 | Born published the book „Dynamics of the crystal-fences" | ||||
| 1918 | Frankfurt - Max von Laue professorship. First own institute, two assistants, among others Otto Stern | ||||
| 1921 | Stimulated from the Bohr - festivals he also took part in the search for a new atom-theory | ||||
| 1922 | Summond to the university Göttingen, simultaneous James Franck gets the chair for experimental-physics. Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg are assistants of Max Born | ||||
| 1924 | Max Born published a paper entitled "Zur Quantenmechanik", and this marked the first time that the phrase "Quantum Mechanics" was ever used. He hired Heisenberg and Pascual Jordan to come and work for him on these problems and it was this fruitful triad that put Heisenberg's ideas into their most useful form. But Born's most memorable contribution concerns the way in which we are to regard quantum mechanics. What is this wavefunction? What does it mean? Born suggested that the only observable aspect of the wavefunction was its square, not the wavefunction itself. He held that the correct interpretation of the wavefunction, was that the square at a given point in space, was proportional to the probability of finding the particle at that point in space. The square is called the probability density while we can call the wavefunction is probability amplitude | ||||
| 1925 | Werner Heisenberg, a 24-year old assistant of Born, formulated a base idea, so that, - in cooperation with Pascual Jordan and Heisenberg - Born could develop the closed Mathematical theory of the quantum mechanics (interpretation of the quantenmechanical push-process). „Heisenbergs multiplication-rules didn't give me any rest, and after eight days intensive thinking and trying, I suddenly remembered an algebraic theory, which I have learned from my teacher Professor Rosanes in Breslau. This result touched me like a seafarer who has reached, after a long distance wandering, that longed for country. I was convinced from the first moment on that we find out the right things." | ||||
| 1926 | Born delivered a fundamental contribution to the physical interpretation of this calculation and with it the understanding of the odd difficulties in human thinking of „logic of the atoms" | ||||
| 1933 | Born first emmigrated to Cambridge and then to Edingburgh, where he continued teaching (17 years) theoretical physics. The cooperation of his students Oppenheimer and Teller during the development of holocaust-methods hurt him deeply | ||||
| 1934 - 1935 | Work at Cavendish - laboratory in Cambridge, lecture over not-linear electrodynamics | ||||
| During the winter of 1935-1936 Born spent six months in Bangalore at the Indian Institute of Science, where he worked with Sir C.V. Raman and his pupils. In 1936 he was appointed Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy in Edinburgh, where he worked until his retirement in 1953 | |||||
| 1936 - 1954 | Tait - chair in Edinburgh as successors of Charles Galton Darwin | ||||
| 1954 | He got the Nobel prize (physics)
for his researches to the statistical interpretation of the quantum mechanics: "for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction" nobelprize.org >>> In the same year he returned to Germany and lives their in a small spa town, Bad Pyrmont |
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| 1955 | Initiation of the "Mainauer Manifestation", to the danger of the atomic weapons | ||||
| 01. 05. 1970 | He died in Göttingen and he is also there buried | ||||
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Max Born has been awarded fellowships of many academies - Göttingen, Moscow, Berlin, Bangalore, Bucharest, Edinburgh, London, Lima, Dublin, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Washington, and Boston, and he has received honorary doctorates from Bristol, Bordeaux, Oxford, Freiburg/Breisgau, Edinburgh, Oslo, Brussels Universities, Humboldt University Berlin, and Technical University Stuttgart. He holds the Stokes Medal of Cambridge, the Max Planck Medaille der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft (i.e. of the German Physical Society); the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society, London, the Hugo Grotius Medal for International Law, and was also awarded the MacDougall-Brisbane Prize and the Gunning-Victoria Jubilee Prize of the Royal Society, Edinburgh. In 1953 he was made honorary citizen of the town of Göttingen and a year later was granted the Nobel Prize for Physics. He was awarded the Grand Cross of Merit with Star of the Order of Merit of the German Federal Republic in 1959. |
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| Literatur: | ||
| Born, Max: | Ausgewählte Abhandlungen, 2 Bde., Göttingen 1963 | |
| Einstein, Albert; Born, Hedwig und Max: | ||
| Briefwechsel, München 1969 | ||
| Born, Hedwig und Max: | Der Luxus des Gewissens, München 1969 | |
| Born, Max: | Mein Leben, München 1975 | |
| Untersuchungen über die Stabilität der elastischen Linie in Ebene und Raum, unter verschiedenen Grenzbedingungen (Dissertation 1906) |
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| Dynamik der Kristallgitter (1915) | ||
| Die Relativitätstheorie Einsteins (1920) , Springer, ISBN 3-540-04540-6,
1984, Unveränd. Nachdr. d. 5. Aufl. 1969 |
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| Vorlesungen über Atommechanik (1925) | ||
| Experiment und Theorie in der Physik | ||
| Optik : ein Lehrbuch der elektromagnetischen Lichttheorie (1933), Springer, 1985, 3. Aufl., 2. Nachdr. |
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| mit Emil Wolf | Principles of Optics (1959) | |
| Physik im Wandel meiner Zeit, Braunschweig : Vieweg, 1983, Unveränd. Nachdr. d. 4., erw. Aufl., 1966 / mit einl. Bemerkungen von Roman U. Sexl u. Karl von Meyenn |
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| Von der Verantwortung des Naturwissenschaftlers | ||
| Baumeister der Quantenwelt Greenspan, Nancy T.. - München : Elsevier, Spektrum, Akad. Verl., 2006, 1. Aufl. |
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| Max-Born-Institut | www.mbi-berlin.de | |
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| © by T. C. & S. E. D. | ||